limfedemul

Limfedemul, commonly known as lymphedema, is a chronic condition characterized by swelling caused by impaired lymphatic drainage. It results from either congenital abnormalities of the lymphatic system (primary lymphedema) or damage or obstruction of lymphatic vessels and nodes (secondary lymphedema).

Primary lymphedema is usually present at birth or develops later in life due to developmental defects of the lymphatic system. Secondary lymphedema is far more common and can arise after cancer treatments that involve lymph node removal or radiation, after infections such as filariasis, or from trauma, obesity, or venous insufficiency.

Symptoms typically include persistent swelling in an arm or leg, a sensation of heaviness or tightness, restricted range of motion, and may be accompanied by recurrent skin infections or hardening of the skin (fibrosis) in long-standing cases.

Diagnosis is based on clinical history and examination, supported by imaging tests that assess lymphatic flow, such as lymphoscintigraphy, ultrasound, MRI, or CT as needed. The differential diagnosis includes venous edema, heart or kidney failure, and other causes of swelling.

Management aims to reduce swelling and prevent progression, as there is no widely available cure. Standards often rely on complete decongestive therapy, which combines manual lymph drainage, compression garments or bandaging, exercise, and meticulous skin care to prevent infections. Weight management and infection control are important components. In refractory cases, specialized surgical options, such as lymphatic bypass procedures or transfer of lymph nodes, may be considered at experienced centers.

Prognosis varies; with early and consistent treatment, symptoms can be controlled and quality of life preserved. Epidemiology varies by region and cause, with secondary lymphedema influencing many cancer survivors worldwide.