liberalismin

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy centered on liberty, equality before the law, and the protection of individual rights. It holds that individuals have inherent rights and that political authority should be limited by constitutional constraints and the rule of law. In economic terms, liberalism has often supported free markets and private property, though modern strands vary in the degree of market intervention.

Historically, liberalism emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries with thinkers such as John Locke, Adam Smith, and Montesquieu, influencing constitutional democracies in Europe and the Americas. Classical liberalism emphasized limited government, free trade, and civil liberties. By the late 19th and 20th centuries, social liberalism broadened the program to include welfare provisions, social insurance, and greater equality of opportunity, while maintaining a market economy.

Core ideas include the protection of civil liberties (freedom of speech, assembly, religion), separation of powers, the rule of law, and equal political participation through elections. Liberalism advocates pluralism and tolerance, minority rights, and democratic governance, while recognizing the legitimacy of peaceful dissent and reform.

There are regional and ideological variants, including classical liberalism, social liberalism, and liberal democracy as a governing model. Critics argue liberalism can inadequately address economic inequality, prioritize markets over social welfare, or clash with communal or religious norms. Proponents contend it provides a framework for peaceful political change, individual autonomy, and adaptability in plural societies.

Notable figures associated with liberal thought include John Locke, John Stuart Mill, Alexis de Tocqueville, and more contemporary theorists such as John Rawls and Friedrich Hayek. Liberal institutions are common in many democracies and liberal parties and think tanks influence policy debates worldwide.