lasergravering

Lasergravering, or laser engraving, is a subtractive fabrication process that uses a focused laser beam to modify a material’s surface to produce text, images, or patterns. The process is non-contact and relies on localized heating, ablation, and, in some cases, chemical changes to remove material or alter its appearance.

Engraving can be performed as raster engraving, where the laser scans across the surface to remove material in a pattern, or as vector marking, where the beam follows defined paths to create edges with precise outlines. Depth, contrast, and texture depend on laser power, speed, and pulse settings.

Common materials include wood, paper, leather, plastics, glass, and anodized or coated metals. Some materials darken or change color when treated, producing a contrast without significant material removal. Metals and hard ceramics typically require higher-power or specialized lasers.

Laser systems differ by wavelength and application. CO2 lasers (about 10.6 micrometers) are well suited to organics and non-metals; fiber and Nd:YAG lasers (near 1 micrometer) are commonly used for metals and hard plastics; UV lasers offer high precision for plastics and electronics.

Applications span signage, product personalization, awards, jewelry, electronics, packaging, and scientific labeling. Advantages include non-contact processing, high repeatability, fine detail, and versatility. Limitations include material compatibility, coloration results that vary by substrate, potential heat-affected zones, and equipment costs.

Safety considerations include enclosure and ventilation to manage fumes and smoke, laser safety goggles, and adherence to manufacturer guidelines. The technique has evolved since the mid-20th century, with modern systems offering automated control, raster and vector operations, and integration with CAD workflows.