laryngeale

Laryngeale is a term used in medical contexts to denote anything related to the larynx, the organ in the neck that forms part of the upper airway and the vocal mechanism. In English the corresponding adjective is laryngeal, while in Italian and some other Romance languages the form may vary; laryngeale is commonly encountered in international medical literature as the descriptor for laryngeal structures or diseases.

The larynx sits in the neck opposite the C3 to C6 vertebrae and is composed of cartilages (including the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoids), muscles, ligaments, and a mucous lining. The epiglottis protects the airway during swallowing. The glottis, the opening between the vocal folds, is essential for voice production. The laryngeal muscles adjust tension and position of the vocal cords, enabling pitch and volume control. Innervation primarily comes from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve, and the arterial supply from branches of the superior and inferior thyroid arteries.

Functions of the larynx include phonation, airway protection during swallowing, and regulation of airflow. Disorders can affect structural elements or neural control. Common laryngeal conditions include laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx, often due to infection or overuse), vocal fold nodules and polyps (benign growths from overuse), edema, and laryngeal cancer (often squamous cell carcinoma linked to tobacco and alcohol use). Less frequent issues include vocal cord paralysis and spasmodic dysphonia.

Diagnosis typically involves clinical history and examination, laryngoscopy or stroboscopy to observe vocal fold motion, and imaging such as CT or MRI when needed. Treatment depends on the condition and may include voice rest, medical therapy for inflammatory or reflux-related causes, voice therapy, and surgical intervention to remove lesions or address tumors. Early evaluation of persistent hoarseness or breathing difficulties is advised.