kybernetics
Kybernetics is a term historically used to describe the study of regulatory and communicative processes in complex systems, focusing on feedback, control, and information flow. The word derives from the Greek kybernetes, meaning steersman or governor, and in some texts it is treated as a synonym of cybernetics. The field investigates how systems—biological, mechanical, social, or organizational—maintain stability, adapt to changing conditions, and coordinate components through feedback mechanisms.
In the mid-20th century, kybernetics entered scientific discourse as part of the broader cybernetics movement. Norbert
Core concepts include feedback loops, homeostasis, stability, self-regulation, adaptation, and self-organization. Methods encompass mathematical modeling, control
Applications span engineering, biology, medicine, computer science, organizational theory, economics, and social policy. Kybernetics and cybernetics