kolonoskopian

Kolonoskopian, commonly known in English as colonoscopy, is the medical examination of the large intestine using a flexible endoscope called a colonoscope. The instrument is inserted through the anus and advanced to the colon and sometimes the terminal ileum to inspect the mucosa for abnormalities. The procedure serves for screening, diagnostic evaluation, and therapeutic intervention.

Indications include colorectal cancer screening in adults, evaluation of symptoms such as rectal bleeding, chronic abdominal pain, iron-deficiency anemia, and changes in bowel habit, as well as surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease and after detection of polyps. Preparation requires bowel cleansing with laxatives (often polyethylene glycol), adherence to a clear liquid diet, and fasting as directed; sedation or anesthesia is commonly used.

During the procedure, the patient lies on their side. The colonoscope provides real-time video, and devices passed through the colonoscope allow biopsy and removal of polyps (polypectomy) or treatment of certain lesions. The examination typically lasts 20–60 minutes. Insufflation with air or carbon dioxide helps visualization.

Risks include bleeding and perforation, especially after biopsy or polypectomy, as well as adverse reactions to sedatives and, rarely, infection. The overall risk is low, particularly when performed by experienced clinicians.

After the procedure, most patients recover in a short period and may feel bloating from gas. Instructions usually cover driving restrictions and when to seek care for possible complications. Pathology from biopsies or removed polyps informs further management and surveillance intervals.