kiselmoduler

Silicon modules, known as kiselmoduler in Swedish, are photovoltaic devices that convert sunlight into electricity using silicon-based solar cells. They are the building blocks of most solar power systems and are designed to generate direct current (DC) electricity from daylight.

A silicon module typically comprises multiple silicon solar cells connected in series and/or parallel, encapsulated between protective layers and housed in a rigid frame. The cells are embedded in a laminated stack with glass on the front, a polymer encapsulant, and a protective backsheet to withstand environmental exposure. Junction boxes and electrical connections allow modular assembly into larger arrays.

There are two main types of silicon cells used in modules: mono-crystalline and polycrystalline (multi-crystalline). Mono-crystalline cells offer higher efficiency and a uniform appearance, while polycrystalline cells are generally cheaper to produce but slightly less efficient. Both types can be used in various module formats, including standard framed panels and more recently higher-efficiency designs such as PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell).

Manufacturing starts with purified silicon, grown into ingots, sliced into wafers, and processed to form a p-n junction. Cells are metallized for current collection, then laminated with protective layers, bonded to a frame, and sealed to create a durable module. Quality and safety standards govern production and performance.

Performance characteristics include efficiency, temperature coefficient, and degradation rate. Typical commercial silicon modules deliver efficiency in the range of about 15–23% with a temperature coefficient around −0.3 to −0.5% per degree Celsius. Lifetimes are commonly 25–30 years, with warranties covering power output for 20–25 years.

Applications span residential rooftops, commercial installations, and utility-scale solar farms. End-of-life recycling programs recover glass, aluminum, silicon, and other materials to reduce environmental impact.