kibernetika

Kibernetika, also known as cybernetics, is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems—specifically, circular causal processes wherein changes of conditions can be corrected. It deals with control and communication in the animal and the machine, in the biological and the social. The term was coined by the mathematician Norbert Wiener in 1947, who defined cybernetics as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine." The field draws on concepts from various disciplines, including mathematics, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, biology, management, and philosophy.

One of the foundational principles of cybernetics is the concept of feedback, which is the process by which a system's output is used to influence its input. This principle is central to understanding how systems maintain stability and adapt to changes. Cybernetics has been applied in various fields, such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and organizational theory. In robotics, for example, feedback control systems are used to enable robots to perform tasks with precision and adapt to their environment.

Cybernetics has also influenced the development of control theory, which is concerned with the behavior of dynamical systems. Control theory provides a framework for designing and analyzing control systems, which are used to regulate the behavior of various systems, from simple mechanical devices to complex industrial processes. In the field of artificial intelligence, cybernetic principles are used to develop intelligent systems that can learn and adapt to new situations.

In the social sciences, cybernetics has been used to study the behavior of organizations and social systems. The concept of circular causality, for example, has been applied to understand how social systems maintain stability and adapt to changes. Cybernetics has also been used to develop models of communication and information processing in social systems.

In conclusion, cybernetics is a transdisciplinary field that provides a framework for understanding and designing regulatory systems. Its principles have been applied in various fields, from engineering and computer science to the social sciences. Despite its origins in the mid-20th century, cybernetics continues to be a relevant and influential field of study.