kapwa

Kapwa is a central concept in Filipino psychology and anthropology that refers to a shared sense of identity and the recognition of another person as a fellow human being within the same existential sphere. It implies a mutual, inclusive relationship between self and other and frames social interactions in terms of shared humanity rather than separation.

Origin and development: The term Kapwa was elaborated by Filipino psychologist Virgilio Enriquez in the 1970s as part of the movement to develop psychology from within Filipino experiences, or psychology from within. It is a cornerstone of pakikipagkapwa-tao, the practice of relating to others in a respectful, empathetic manner that treats another person as a fellow being.

Concept and dimensions: Kapwa encompasses both self and others in a shared identity, fostering empathy, reciprocity, and social responsibility. It underpins everyday Filipino norms such as hospitality, generosity, and communal cooperation, and it interacts with related values like utang na loob (debt of gratitude) and bayanihan (community solidarity).

Usage and critique: In social science and cultural analysis, kapwa is used to describe interpersonal relations, conflict resolution, and social behavior from a Filipino perspective. Some scholars caution against overgeneralizing kapwa as a fixed national trait, noting risks of cultural essentialism, while others view it as a flexible framework that can inform contemporary ethics, leadership, and community life.

Overall, kapwa remains a foundational concept in discussions of Filipino social life and identity, guiding how individuals perceive and relate to others within a shared humanity.