internalizzazione

Internalization is the process by which external norms, values, and behaviors are absorbed into an individual's own belief system and self-regulation. The term is used across sociology, psychology, education, and linguistics to describe how social prescriptions become part of a person's motivations and conduct. In sociological and anthropological terms, internalization explains why people obey rules even in the absence of external surveillance; it is a core mechanism of socialization, producing stable dispositions and practices.

In psychology and psychoanalysis, internalization refers to the assimilation of external standards through mechanisms such as introjection, imitation, and reappraisal. From a developmental perspective, notably in Vygotsky's framework, external social activities—speaking, guidance, and collaborative problem solving—are internalized into mental operations and self-regulation. In moral and personality development, internalization underpins the formation of the conscience, aligning behavior with internal standards rather than external coercion.

In education and everyday life, internalization describes how learners adopt knowledge, skills, and study habits so they guide ongoing behavior. It can foster autonomous motivation but may also reflect conformity pressure. Authentic internalization tends to be stable across contexts, whereas superficial internalization may unravel when norms conflict with personal values.

See also: externalization, socialization, introjection, moral development.