integrointipiiri

An integrointipiiri, or integrating circuit in English, is an electronic circuit designed to perform the mathematical operation of integration. This means that the output voltage of the circuit is proportional to the integral of the input voltage over time. The most common implementation of an integrating circuit uses a capacitor and an operational amplifier. In this configuration, the input signal is applied to the capacitor, which stores charge in proportion to the accumulated input voltage. The operational amplifier, configured as a voltage follower or with a feedback loop, ensures that the voltage across the capacitor is precisely controlled, and the voltage at its output reflects the integrated value of the input.

Integrating circuits find applications in various fields. They are crucial in analog computers for solving differential equations, as they can perform the continuous integration required for simulation. In control systems, they are used to smooth out noisy signals or to implement integral control, which helps to eliminate steady-state errors. They are also employed in waveform generators to produce triangular or sawtooth waves from square wave inputs, and in analog-to-digital converters as part of the conversion process. The accuracy of an integrating circuit is influenced by factors such as the quality of the components, particularly the capacitor's leakage and the operational amplifier's offset voltage and bias currents.