imolekyler

Imolekyler are the fundamental units of many chemical substances, consisting of two or more atoms bound together. They are the smallest units that retain the characteristic properties of a substance. Molecules can form through covalent bonds, where atoms share electrons, or through ionic interactions in compounds formed from ions. Some substances are not molecular but ionic lattices, such as common salts, which consist of orderly arrays of ions rather than discrete molecules. Across chemistry and biology, the behavior of materials is determined by the arrangement and interactions of their molecules.

Molecular structure includes the arrangement of atoms in three-dimensional space. Bonding patterns and lone pairs give rise to specific shapes and properties, described by models such as VSEPR. The geometry of a molecule influences reactivity, polarity, and phase behavior.

Molecules are classified by size and composition. Diatomic molecules contain two atoms (O2, N2); polyatomic molecules contain three or more. Organic chemistry studies mainly carbon-containing molecules, while inorganic chemistry covers others. Large molecules formed by repeating units are called polymers.

Nomenclature and measurement: The chemical formula of a molecule shows the types and numbers of atoms (H2O). A structural formula indicates connectivity. The empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio. Molecular mass (molar mass) is expressed in grams per mole (g/mol). The amount of substance is measured in moles, with Avogadro's number defining a mole as approximately 6.022 × 10^23 entities.

Reactions involve making and breaking bonds between molecules. Molecules are central to all physical, chemical, and biological processes, from metabolism to materials science. Techniques such as spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography are used to study molecular structure and behavior.