immunohistokemiallisten

Immunohistochemistry, often abbreviated as IHC, is a laboratory technique used to detect and locate specific proteins within cells and tissues. It utilizes antibodies that bind to the target protein. These antibodies are then linked to a detectable label, such as an enzyme or a fluorescent dye. When the labeled antibody binds to its target protein in a tissue sample, the label can be visualized, revealing where the protein is present.

The process typically involves preparing a tissue sample, often by fixing it and embedding it in paraffin or freezing it. Thin slices of the tissue are then placed on microscope slides. A blocking step is usually performed to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies. The primary antibody, which is specific to the protein of interest, is then applied to the tissue. After washing away unbound primary antibody, a secondary antibody, which is labeled and binds to the primary antibody, is added. Further washing and incubation with a substrate that reacts with the enzyme label (if used) allows for visualization of the antibody-antigen complex.

IHC is a crucial tool in various fields, particularly in pathology for diagnosing diseases, especially cancer. It helps pathologists determine the type of cancer, its grade, and whether certain target proteins are present, which can guide treatment decisions. For example, IHC is used to identify estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer, which influences hormonal therapy. Beyond diagnostics, IHC is also employed in biomedical research to study protein expression patterns, cellular localization, and the effects of drugs or genetic modifications.