hüpotermiat

Hüpotermiat is a medical condition characterized by a drop in core body temperature below the normal range, typically defined as a core temperature under 35°C (95°F). It occurs when heat loss exceeds heat production and/or when thermoregulation is impaired. Causes include environmental exposure to cold, immersion in cold water, and medical or toxic factors such as alcohol or drug intoxication, malnutrition, hypothyroidism, sepsis, trauma, or prolonged immobilization. Risk groups include the elderly, infants, people in cold environments, outdoor workers, and homeless individuals.

Pathophysiology involves the body's defenses against cooling—vasoconstriction and shivering—which can be overwhelmed by ongoing heat loss or depleted energy reserves. As core temperature falls, brain function and organ systems are progressively affected. Early symptoms of mild hypothermia include shivering, rapid breathing and heart rate, anxiety, and coordination difficulties. With further cooling, mental status may become confused or sleepy, movements may slow, and speech can be slurred. In severe cases, the person may be stuporous or unconscious, with potential cardiovascular instability and arrhythmias.

Diagnosis relies on measuring core temperature with reliable devices such as esophageal, rectal, bladder, or tympanic thermometers, supported by physical examination and awareness of the presenting context. Laboratory tests may reveal metabolic disturbances or organ dysfunction and help identify underlying causes.

Treatment aims to restore normal temperature and address causes. In all cases, move the person to a warmer, dry environment and remove wet clothing. Rewarming strategies depend on severity and setting, ranging from passive external warming for mild cases to active external and internal warming in hospital, including warmed IV fluids and supportive care. Monitoring and treatment of coexisting conditions are essential. Prevention emphasizes adequate clothing, shelter, avoiding excessive alcohol, staying dry, and prompt management of illnesses affecting thermoregulation.