homeless

Homelessness refers to the condition of lacking a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. It includes people who sleep outdoors or in cars, those in emergency shelters or transitional housing, and individuals staying with others due to economic hardship. Definitions vary by jurisdiction, and some systems also count people in doubled-up or highly unstable housing as homeless.

Causes are multifactorial and include severe housing unaffordability, shortage of affordable rental options, poverty, unemployment, medical conditions or disability, mental illness, substance use disorders, domestic violence, and gaps in social safety nets. Structural factors such as discrimination and income inequality contribute to risk, and economic downturns can increase vulnerability.

Demographic patterns differ by country and city. In many places homelessness is more common among men, but youth, veterans, Indigenous peoples, and other marginalized groups are disproportionately affected. Family status, immigration, and access to informal support networks also influence risk and experience.

Homelessness is associated with adverse health outcomes and higher mortality. People experiencing homelessness face barriers to healthcare, safe shelter, and stable routines, and they are at greater risk of injuries, infectious diseases, and chronic conditions. Stigma, identification requirements, and transportation barriers can hinder access to services.

Policy responses combine immediate shelter with longer-term housing strategies. Evidence supports Housing First approaches that provide permanent housing with voluntary supports, along with eviction prevention, rental assistance, affordable housing development, and integrated health and social services.