hüperprolaktineemiat

Hyperprolactinemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is primarily produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. Its main function is to stimulate milk production in women after childbirth. However, prolactin is also present in men and non-pregnant women, though at much lower levels, and its precise functions in these individuals are not fully understood.

Elevated prolactin levels can be caused by various factors. The most common cause is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland called a prolactinoma. Other causes include certain medications, particularly those used to treat psychosis and depression, as well as some drugs for high blood pressure and nausea. Medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, kidney disease, and liver disease can also lead to hyperprolactinemia. Stress, sleep deprivation, and physical activity can temporarily increase prolactin levels.

Symptoms of hyperprolactinemia vary depending on the cause and the sex of the individual. In women, common symptoms include irregular or absent menstrual periods, infertility, and milky nipple discharge (galactorrhea) when not pregnant or breastfeeding. In men, symptoms can include decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, infertility, and breast enlargement (gynecomastia). Both men and women may experience headaches or vision problems if a large pituitary tumor is pressing on the optic nerves.

Diagnosis involves a blood test to measure prolactin levels. If levels are elevated, further tests may be conducted to identify the underlying cause, such as imaging scans of the pituitary gland and tests to assess thyroid and kidney function. Treatment depends on the cause. If caused by medication, switching to an alternative drug may resolve the issue. Prolactinomas are often treated with medications that lower prolactin levels. Surgery or radiation therapy may be considered for larger tumors or those that do not respond to medication.