hüperparatüroidism

Hüperparatüroidism is a medical condition characterized by the overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. These small glands, located in the neck behind the thyroid gland, are responsible for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. PTH plays a crucial role in maintaining these levels within a narrow range, which is essential for bone health, nerve function, and muscle contraction.

There are two main types of hüperparatüroidism: primary and secondary. Primary hüperparatüroidism occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and produce too much PTH, often due to benign tumors called adenomas or, less commonly, hyperplasia of the glands. Secondary hüperparatüroidism arises as a response to another medical condition that causes low calcium levels, such as chronic kidney disease or severe vitamin D deficiency. In this case, the parathyroid glands work harder to try and compensate for the low calcium by producing more PTH.

The symptoms of hüperparatüroidism can vary widely and are often non-specific. They can include fatigue, bone pain, muscle weakness, frequent urination, kidney stones, depression, and cognitive difficulties. In some individuals, especially those with mild forms, there may be no noticeable symptoms. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels, as well as imaging studies to assess the parathyroid glands. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition and may involve surgery to remove affected parathyroid glands in primary hüperparatüroidism, or addressing the underlying cause in secondary hüperparatüroidism.