hyperpigmentaationa

Hyperpigmentaationa is a term used to describe patches or areas of skin that are darker than surrounding tissue due to excess melanin production or deposition of pigment. It is not a disease in itself but a common manifestation of various skin conditions and external factors.

Common causes include post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which follows inflammation or injury such as acne or eczema; hormonal influences that produce melasma, often related to pregnancy or hormonal therapy; sun exposure that increases pigment in sun-exposed areas (solar lentigines or age spots); and aging. Additional contributors are certain medications (for example, some antibiotics and antimalarials) and systemic conditions such as Addison's disease or hemochromatosis, which can produce diffuse darkening of the skin. Some genetic or congenital conditions also cause hyperpigmented patterns.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and examination. A Wood lamp examination can help delineate pigment depth in some cases, and biopsy may be performed when the diagnosis is uncertain or a malignancy must be ruled out.

Management aims to treat any underlying cause and reduce pigment. Sun protection is essential. Treatments include topical depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone, azelaic acid, kojic acid, and niacinamide, often combined with retinoids to speed turnover. For some patterns, chemical peels or laser therapy may help but carry a risk of post-inflammatory darkening, especially in darker skin types. Prognosis varies by type and response to treatment; post-inflammatory causes often fade over months, while melasma may recur.