hyperkeratinization
Hyperkeratinization is a process in which the epidermis produces an abnormally thick or keratin-rich outer layer, resulting in an excess of keratin in the stratum corneum. It encompasses conditions in which keratinocytes differentiate or shed too slowly, leading to thickened, dry, or scaly skin and, in some cases, mucosal surfaces.
Pathophysiology commonly involves altered keratinocyte differentiation and cornification, often driven by mechanical irritation, inflammation, or genetic
Causes and clinical contexts vary widely. Local friction or pressure can produce focal hyperkeratosis such as
Diagnosis is typically clinical, supported by history and physical examination. In uncertain cases, a skin biopsy
Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and symptom relief. Topical keratolytics such as salicylic acid, urea,