hydrogeophysical
Hydrogeophysics is an interdisciplinary field combining hydrogeology and geophysics to characterize groundwater systems and vadose zone processes. It uses noninvasive and minimally invasive geophysical measurements to infer subsurface properties that govern groundwater flow, storage, and transport, such as hydraulic conductivity, porosity, water content, salinity, temperature, and aquifer geometry.
Common methods include electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarization, magnetotellurics (MT), seismic refraction and reflection,
Applications include groundwater exploration, mapping plume migration, delineating aquifer boundaries, assessing recharge and flow paths, monitoring
Challenges include non-uniqueness of interpretations, scale differences between geophysics and hydrology, uncertain petrophysical relationships, and the