hotplugging

Hot-plugging is the ability to connect or remove a peripheral device from a computer system while it is powered on. This capability relies on hardware support in the bus or interface and on appropriate software handling, such as device drivers and operating system services. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with hot-swapping, though hot-swapping more specifically refers to replacing a device without shutting down the system; hot-plugging describes the broader capability to add or remove devices.

Common hot-plug interfaces include USB, Thunderbolt, PCI Express, and SATA/SAS with hot-swap bays. USB devices are routinely hot-plugged; enterprise servers provide hot-add storage via hot-swap bays. Some motherboards and PCIe slots include hot-plug signaling that allows the system to recognize a device during operation and assign resources accordingly.

How it works: When a device is connected, interface controllers detect its presence and begin enumeration, the operating system loads drivers, and resources are allocated. Before removal, many systems require a safe-eject or unmount operation to flush buffers and ensure that ongoing I/O completes safely. Proper power sequencing and controller support help prevent electrical or data integrity issues during changeover.

Limitations and risks: Not all devices or buses support hot-plugging. Removing a device with active I/O can lead to data loss or corruption. Firmware, drivers, and power sequencing affect reliability, and some devices must be in a compatible state to be added or removed without rebooting.

Usage and relevance: Hot-plugging is common for external storage, peripherals, and in data centers for scalable, serviceable systems. It relies on coordinated hardware support, drivers, and operating system policies to manage dynamic device changes safely.