histopatologjik

Histopatologjik refers to the scientific study of disease at the microscopic level of tissues and cells, a field commonly known as histopathology in English. It involves the examination of biopsy or surgical specimens that have been preserved, processed, embedded, sectioned, stained, and mounted on slides for microscopic analysis. The goal of histopatology is to identify disease characteristics, such as neoplastic growths, inflammatory processes, degenerative changes, and infectious lesions, thereby aiding in diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment planning.

Examining a specimen typically starts with fixation, most often in formalin, to preserve cellular structure. The tissue is then dehydrated, cleared, and infiltrated with a wax medium to allow precise sectioning using a microtome. Thin sections (usually 4–5 micrometers thick) are mounted on glass slides, stained with dyes such as hematoxylin and eosin, and examined under a light microscope. Special stains, immunohistochemistry, or molecular techniques may be applied to highlight particular cellular components or genetic markers. Digital pathology has recently expanded the field, allowing scanned slides to be viewed, analyzed, and shared electronically.

Histopatologjik plays a critical role in diagnosing a wide range of conditions—from cancers such as carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma, to infections like tuberculosis, viral cytopathic effects, and parasitic infestations. Accurate interpretation by a pathologist is essential for effective patient management and can influence the choice of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or targeted therapies. The field continually evolves with advances in staining techniques, imaging modalities, and molecular pathology, ensuring that histopatological analysis remains a cornerstone of modern medical diagnostics.