hindfeet

Hindfeet are the rear pair of feet in tetrapods, and they play a central role in locomotion by bearing body weight and providing propulsion. In many species they also function in grasping, digging, or swimming, reflecting diverse adaptations to habitat and lifestyle.

Anatomy and variation across groups: In mammals the hindfoot, or pes, typically includes the tarsus (ankle), metatarsals, and phalanges, arranged to transfer force from the leg to the ground. In birds the hind limb is modified with a tarsometatarsus and digits, specialized for running, perching, or grasping, while the actual ankle is higher up the leg. Reptiles and amphibians likewise have hind feet with tarsal bones and digits, with variation in toe length, webbing, and strength according to habitat, such as climbing, digging, or swimming. In many ungulates the hindfoot is adapted for stability and speed, with a strong reliance on the distal limb for propulsion.

Function and adaptations: Hindfeet show pronounced diversification to suit locomotor demands. Cursorial species tend to have elongated digits and metatarsals to maximize stride length, whereas graviportal animals like elephants possess robust, compact hindfeet to support large body mass. Saltatorial species (jumpers) often exhibit powerful hind feet with strong leverage for takeoff, and aquatic or semi-aquatic taxa may have webbing or paddle-like structures. Some primates retain an opposable hallux, enabling grasping and climbing with the hindfoot.

In human anatomy, the hindfoot comprises the calcaneus (heel) and talus, forming the rear portion of the foot and contributing to the ankle joint and movements such as plantarflexion and dorsiflexion. Pathologies affecting the hindfoot include heel pain, Achilles tendon injuries, and arches-related disorders.