hidrográfiai
Hidrográfiai, or hydrography, is the science and practice of measuring and describing bodies of water to support safe navigation, coastal planning, and scientific research. It covers collecting, interpreting, and publishing data about oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes, including depth (bathymetry), bottom topography, tides and currents, water levels, salinity, temperature, and sediment movement. The principal products are nautical charts and bathymetric maps that help mariners, engineers, and policymakers understand underwater environments.
Hydrographic surveys employ a range of methods and instruments. Traditionally, depth was determined with a lead
History and governance: Hydrography developed from the need for safe navigation and port development. The modern
Applications: Hydrography supports maritime safety, offshore engineering, dredging and harbor maintenance, flood risk assessment, coastal zone
Standards and data exchange are governed by the IHO, including the electronic navigational chart standard (S-57)