herpetofauna

Herpetofauna is the collective term for reptiles and amphibians, two major vertebrate groups studied together in herpetology. Reptiles include turtles and tortoises, snakes, lizards, crocodilians, and, in some classifications, the tuataras. Amphibians include frogs and toads, salamanders and newts, and caecilians. Together they occupy a wide range of habitats worldwide, from deserts and forests to freshwater systems and, in some coastal environments, sea-associated habitats.

Biology and life history: Most herpetofauna are ectothermic, relying on external heat sources to regulate body temperature. Reptiles typically lay eggs or bear live young; many amphibians undergo metamorphosis from aquatic larvae to terrestrial or semi-aquatic adults. Reproductive strategies are diverse, with parental care in some species and seasonal breeding tied to rainfall or temperature.

Ecology: Herpetofauna play critical roles in ecosystems as predators and prey, and they can serve as indicators of environmental health due to their sensitivity to changes in moisture and temperature. Amphibians are often among the first groups to decline with pollution or habitat loss; snakes, lizards, and crocodilians help regulate prey populations.

Conservation: Many species face declines from habitat destruction, pollution, disease (notably chytridiomycosis in amphibians), climate change, and invasive species. Conservation efforts include field surveys, habitat protection, disease management, and captive breeding programs.