heroihin

Heroin, chemically diacetylmorphine, is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from morphine. It is illegal in most countries, though diacetylmorphine is used under strict medical supervision in a few places to treat severe opioid dependence. Street heroin is commonly sold as a powder or in “black tar” form and can be used by injection, inhalation, or smoking.

Pharmacology and effects: After administration, heroin is rapidly converted to morphine in the brain and binds to mu-opioid receptors. This produces analgesia, euphoria, and sedation. The onset is especially rapid with injection or smoking, contributing to high abuse potential. Tolerance and physical dependence can develop quickly. Withdrawal is uncomfortable and may include muscle and bone pain, insomnia, nausea, and agitation.

Health risks: Overdose can cause respiratory depression, coma, and death, particularly when mixed with depressants or in high purity. Injection increases the risk of blood-borne infections such as HIV and hepatitis C, as well as vein damage. Long-term use can lead to constipation, hormonal changes, dental problems, and mental health effects. Use during pregnancy can result in neonatal abstinence syndrome.

Treatment and public health: In many places heroin is illegal, but evidence-based treatments exist. Opioid agonist therapies with methadone or buprenorphine are common long-term options. In some countries, supervised diacetylmorphine programs are available for select patients. Naloxone can rapidly reverse overdoses, and harm-reduction measures (clean needles, vaccination, education) reduce health harms and connect users with care.

History: Heroin was developed in the late 19th century and marketed before its addictive potential was understood; it was later regulated and banned in many jurisdictions. Global supply and policy responses continue to shape its public health impact.