hepacivirus

Hepacivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. Members of this genus are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that infect a range of mammals. The best known member is the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is classified within the species Hepacivirus C and is a major cause of chronic liver disease in humans. Other hepaciviruses have been identified in animals, including equine hepacivirus in horses and bovine hepacivirus in cattle, with additional representatives detected in rodents and bats. The genus is subject to taxonomic updates as new viruses are discovered.

Genomes and replication follow the characteristic flavivirus pattern. The genome is a single open reading frame that is translated into a polyprotein, which is cleaved into structural and nonstructural proteins. Virions are enveloped and generally 50–60 nanometers in diameter. Replication occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells, and the viruses are typically transmitted through parenteral routes or bodily fluids, depending on the host species.

Clinical relevance varies by virus. HCV infection in humans can be acute or chronic, often asymptomatic initially but potentially progressing to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma without treatment. In animals, hepacivirus infections range from subclinical to clinically apparent disease, and research continues to elucidate their pathogenic potential and epidemiology.

Diagnosis commonly relies on the detection of viral RNA by molecular methods and serology to identify antibodies against the virus. For human HCV, direct-acting antiviral therapies can cure most infections, while vaccines remain under development. Public health measures emphasize blood safety and transmission prevention. Taxonomic guidance is maintained by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).