hemorrhagiccauses

Hemorrhagic causes refer to conditions or factors that lead to bleeding, either internally or externally. They arise from a range of mechanisms and can affect different organ systems. Understanding these causes helps in recognizing risk, guiding diagnostic evaluation, and informing management.

These causes are commonly grouped by mechanism: trauma or surgical injury; vascular abnormalities such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, or fragile vasculature; coagulation disorders and thrombocytopenia, including inherited conditions like hemophilia and von Willebrand disease, liver disease with coagulopathy, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and use of anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications; hypertension with rupture of small vessels; tumors or invasive processes eroding vessels; infections and inflammatory vasculitis; pregnancy-related conditions such as preeclampsia/eclampsia and placental abruption; and iatrogenic factors such as thrombolysis or procedural vessel injury.

Common sites include the brain (intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage), the gastrointestinal tract (peptic ulcers, variceal bleeding), the lungs (pulmonary hemorrhage), the urinary tract (renal or bladder bleeding), and the eyes or skin. The clinical presentation varies with location and may include sudden severe headache, neurologic deficits, vomiting, coughing up blood, hematemesis, melena, or flank pain.

Diagnosis relies on clinical history, physical examination, coagulation studies, and targeted imaging. Management focuses on stopping the bleed when possible, reversing coagulopathy, supporting organ function, and treating the underlying cause. Prognosis depends on the site, cause, and timeliness of intervention.