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The salivary glands are exocrine glands in the mouth that produce saliva. Saliva plays a crucial role in oral health and digestion. It moistens food, aiding in swallowing and the formation of a bolus. Saliva also contains enzymes, such as amylase, which begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates. Additionally, it helps to clean the mouth, neutralize acids produced by bacteria, and remineralize tooth enamel, thus preventing cavities.

There are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands. The parotid glands are the largest and are located on either side of the face, just in front of the ears. They primarily secrete serous saliva, which is rich in enzymes. The submandibular glands are smaller and situated beneath the jaw. They produce a mixed secretion of both serous and mucous saliva. The sublingual glands are the smallest and are located under the tongue. They secrete mostly mucous saliva, which is thicker and more viscous.

Numerous minor salivary glands are also distributed throughout the oral mucosa, including the lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue. These glands contribute to the overall production of saliva and help maintain oral moisture between meals.

Disorders affecting the salivary glands can lead to various conditions. Dry mouth, or xerostomia, can result from decreased saliva production, leading to difficulties with eating, speaking, and an increased risk of dental problems. Infections, such as mumps, can cause inflammation of the parotid glands. Salivary gland stones, also known as sialolithiasis, can block the ducts, causing pain and swelling. Cancers of the salivary glands are relatively rare but can occur in any of the glands.