happilisäystä

Happilisäystä, literally acid addition, is the process of introducing an acid to a substance to lower its pH or to establish a desired level of acidity. The term is used across science and industry to describe intentional changes to acidity rather than spontaneous changes in pH.

It is commonly performed in laboratories, manufacturing, food and beverage production, and environmental management. Acids used range from inorganic minerals such as sulfuric and hydrochloric acid to organic acids such as citric, acetic, and lactic acid. Acid addition can be done directly with a burette or pump, or indirectly through buffering systems and controlled titration, with pH monitored by meters or indicators.

In food and beverage processing, acidification controls flavor and texture, preserves products by lowering pH, and inhibits microbial growth. In chemistry and biology, it alters reaction rates, solubility, and enzyme activity, and is often used in titration and calibration procedures. In environmental science, acid inputs can lower ecosystem pH, affecting aquatic life and soil chemistry.

Safety and regulatory considerations emphasize proper handling of corrosive acids, correct storage, ventilation, and waste neutralization. Measurements rely on pH meters, indicators, and titration data to ensure precise and reproducible results.