hantavirusrelated

Hantavirus-related refers to diseases and conditions caused by hantaviruses, a diverse group of enveloped RNA viruses in the bunyavirales order. Each hantavirus typically maintains a reservoir in a specific rodent species, and humans become infected mainly through inhalation of aerosolized excreta (urine, saliva, or feces) from these animals. Human-to-human transmission is extremely rare, with only isolated reports for certain strains.

The two principal clinical syndromes associated with hantaviruses are hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). HPS occurs in the Americas and is characterized by fever, myalgias, cough, and rapid progression to severe shortness of breath and pulmonary edema, often requiring intensive care. HFRS is more common in Europe and Asia and presents with fever, back and abdominal pain, hemorrhagic manifestations, and varying degrees of renal failure; the illness typically unfolds in phased stages over one to several weeks. Case fatality rates differ by region and viral strain, and timely supportive care improves outcomes.

Reservoirs vary by geography. In North America, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) is linked to HPS-causing viruses; in Europe and Asia, bank voles and other rodents carry HFRS-associated viruses such as Puumala, Dobrava, and Hantaan viruses. Transmission occurs via inhalation of contaminated dust and, less commonly, through bites or contact with contaminated materials.

Diagnosis relies on serology (IgM/IgG) and nucleic acid testing (RT-PCR). Treatment is primarily supportive, including respiratory and renal support; antiviral options are limited and stratified by syndrome. Prevention focuses on reducing rodent populations, sealing and cleaning infested spaces carefully, and using protective equipment when handling rodent materials. No universal hantavirus vaccine exists, though vaccines are in use in some regions for specific viruses. Public health awareness and rodent control remain central to reducing disease burden.