Rainforests, such as the Amazon and Congo basins, are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth. They are home to millions of species, including trees like the kapok and mahogany, as well as countless insects, birds, and mammals. The dense canopy layers—understory, forest floor, and emergent layer—create microclimates that support specialized plant and animal life. Rainforests also play a critical role in regulating the global climate by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
Mangrove forests thrive in coastal tropical regions, where saltwater meets freshwater. These intertidal ecosystems are dominated by salt-tolerant trees like the red mangrove, which have specialized roots to filter sediment and trap nutrients. Mangroves serve as nurseries for marine life, protecting fish and crustaceans while also preventing coastal erosion. They are also vital carbon sinks, helping mitigate climate change.
Coral reefs, often called the "rainforests of the sea," are tropical marine ecosystems built by coral polyps and algae. These vibrant structures provide habitats for thousands of species, including fish, mollusks, and marine mammals. However, reefs are highly sensitive to environmental changes, such as warming ocean temperatures and acidification, which threaten their survival.
Savannas, found in regions like Africa and South America, are characterized by grasslands interspersed with scattered trees and shrubs. These habitats experience seasonal rainfall, leading to distinct wet and dry periods. Large herbivores, such as elephants and zebras, dominate the landscape, while predators like lions and cheetahs maintain ecological balance. Savannas are also important for carbon storage and support diverse bird and insect populations.