graphenes

Graphenes is a collective term for a family of carbon-based materials derived from graphene. It includes single-layer graphene and a range of derivatives and related forms such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), graphene foam, and graphene quantum dots. While all share the same underlying carbon lattice, their properties vary with thickness, functional groups, defects, and degree of oxidation.

Graphene and its derivatives exhibit high mechanical strength, large surface area, and notable electrical and thermal conductivities. Pristine graphene is a highly conductive two-dimensional layer, whereas GO is heavily oxidized and insulating; rGO partially restores conductivity but remains defect-laden. The optical transparency of graphene layers also makes them attractive for applications requiring transparent conductive films. The behavior of graphenes can be tuned through chemical modification and composite formation.

Synthesis and processing methods are diverse. Mechanical exfoliation yields high-quality flakes but is not scalable. Chemical vapor deposition can produce large-area graphene films. Chemical reduction of graphene oxide followed by restacking creates rGO with adjustable properties. Liquid-phase or electrochemical exfoliation generates dispersible graphene materials and nanoplatelets. Functionalization enables incorporation into polymers, composites, inks, membranes, and other matrices.

Applications span electronics, energy storage, sensing, conductive inks, and composites, as well as membranes for filtration and catalytic supports. Key challenges include achieving scalable, cost-effective production with consistent quality, controlling defects and surface chemistry, and addressing environmental and health considerations associated with graphite-derived materials.