glucotoxicity

Glucotoxicity refers to the cellular damage that occurs when cells are exposed to excessively high levels of glucose over an extended period. This condition is primarily associated with diabetes mellitus, particularly when blood glucose levels are poorly controlled. The excess glucose can overwhelm cellular metabolic pathways, leading to a cascade of harmful effects.

One proposed mechanism of glucotoxicity involves the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cell. This oxidative stress can damage cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. Additionally, high glucose levels can lead to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) through the Maillard reaction. AGEs can alter protein function and contribute to inflammation and tissue damage.

Glucotoxicity can manifest in various tissues and organs, including the pancreas, neurons, blood vessels, and kidneys. In the pancreas, it can impair the function of beta cells, which produce insulin, further exacerbating hyperglycemia. In the nervous system, it contributes to the development of diabetic neuropathy. The cumulative damage from glucotoxicity is a significant factor in the long-term complications of diabetes. Management of blood glucose levels through diet, exercise, and medication is crucial in preventing or mitigating glucotoxicity.