gaslighting

Gaslighting is a form of psychological manipulation in which a person or group seeks to sow seeds of doubt in a targeted individual, making them question their own memory, perception, or sanity. The term originated with Patrick Hamilton's 1938 play Gas Light and its later film adaptations, where a spouse systematically undermines another’s sense of reality.

In practice, gaslighting involves denial of facts, misdirection, contradiction, and misinformation. The manipulator may lie outright, dispute obvious evidence, minimize the victim’s feelings, or present alternate interpretations of events. Over time, persistent gaslighting can erode a person’s confidence, leading to confusion, self-doubt, and dependence on the abuser.

Gaslighting appears in various settings, including intimate relationships, family dynamics, the workplace, and broader social or political contexts. Tactics often include dismissing concerns as overreactions, projecting blame, isolating the target from allies, and redefining what is “real” in a way that benefits the manipulator.

Effects can range from anxiety and depression to impaired decision-making and diminished self-esteem. It is considered a form of emotional abuse and coercive control rather than a clinical diagnosis, though it is studied within psychology and sociology as a manipulation strategy.

Recognizing gaslighting involves noting repeated patterns rather than isolated incidents: persistent lying, contradictory statements, and attempts to invalidate one’s perceptions. Responding safely may include documenting events, seeking support from trusted people, setting clear boundaries, and, when necessary, pursuing professional help or safety planning.