garlands

A garland is a decorative arrangement of flowers, leaves, fruits, beads, or other materials threaded or woven into a long strand or a circular loop. Garlands are used to adorn people, animals, altars, doorways, and objects during celebrations, religious ceremonies, weddings, and festivals. In many cultures they symbolize invitation, honor, purity, or auspiciousness and are often exchanged as gifts or offered to deities.

Materials vary by region and purpose. Fresh flower garlands are common in South Asia and parts of Southeast Asia and the Pacific; jasmine, marigold, rose, and tuberose are frequently used. Leaf garlands use mango leaves, ferns, or pandanus. Beaded, fabric, and paper garlands are common in crafts and festivals, while artificial garlands are valued for longevity. Construction typically involves threading objects onto a flexible string, wire, or cord, forming a durable loop or long strand.

Uses by region: In India and neighboring countries, flower garlands (mala) are offered to deities, tied around the necks of gods, and worn by brides and guests. In Hawaii and other Pacific islands, leis are worn around the neck as a welcome or celebration. In Europe and North America, garlands are used for Christmas greenery, parade floats, and stage decorations; they may be garlands of evergreen or lights.

Types and symbolism: Some garlands are circular wreaths, others are long strands. They can symbolize hospitality, victory, or respect. In religious contexts, garlands may be ritually sprinkled with sacred water or presented to honored persons. Worn garlands are usually removed after ceremonies.

Care and sustainability: Fresh garlands require daily replacement and refrigeration. Artificial garlands last longer but raise considerations about materials and sources. Modern production sometimes emphasizes sustainable, locally sourced flowers, or reusable fabric garlands.