fundamentalisms

Fundamentalisms are movements within various religious and ideological traditions that seek to return to what adherents regard as foundational beliefs and practices. They are typically marked by a relatively literal or strict interpretation of sacred texts, a strong emphasis on moral and social codes, opposition to certain aspects of secular modernity, and activism aimed at shaping private life and public policy. The term originated in the early 20th century in the United States to describe Protestant efforts to defend traditional doctrine against liberal theology and secular culture; it has since been applied to similar currents in other faiths and ideologies.

Common features include a conviction of scriptural inerrancy or absolutism, a focus on defining community boundaries and gender roles, and a tendency to frame social change as a defense of sacred order. Authorities cited range from clergy and scholars to charismatic leaders, with organizations often engaging in education, media, and political advocacy.

Scholars distinguish between descriptive use—identifying movements that pursue a restorationist program—and normative or polemical use, which can cast the term as a pejorative label. Critics argue that the category can obscure diversity within traditions, oversimplify adherents, or conflate religious renewal with political power or violence.

Fundamentalisms have appeared in Christian, Islamic, Jewish, and Hindu contexts, among others, and may intersect with nationalist or diasporic identities. Globalization and digital communication have enabled transnational networks, while local histories, state structures, and contemporary debates over science, rights, and education shape how these movements articulate goals and mobilize supporters.