frowns

A frown is a facial expression characterized by the downward turning of the corners of the mouth and often by a furrowed brow or vertical lines between the eyebrows. It is commonly associated with negative emotions such as disapproval, sadness, or concern, but can also appear during concentration or effort. Frowning is distinct from a scowl, which typically connotes stronger anger or hostility and often involves a more pronounced brow and mouth position.

The movement mainly involves the corrugator supercilii and procerus muscles, which pull the eyebrows downward and inward, creating vertical glabellar folds. The depressor anguli oris and other lip muscles can depress the corners of the mouth to form a classic frown. Frowning can be subtle or pronounced and may involve both facial regions.

In social contexts, a frown signals disapproval or worry and can influence how others respond. It can reflect emotional states such as sadness, disappointment, or fear, or cognitive load and concentration. Cultural norms shape its interpretation, but basic cues of frowning are widely recognized across many cultures.

Researchers in psychology and anthropology study frowning through observational coding systems, including the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which identifies specific muscle movements. Brief, involuntary frowns, or microexpressions, can occur briefly and may reveal hidden emotions.

Chronic facial tension can contribute to headaches or temporomandibular disorders in some individuals. In art and media, frowns are used to convey mood, intention, and character traits.