frown

A frown is a facial expression characterized by the downward turning of the corners of the mouth and often by a knit or furrowed brow. It is commonly associated with negative emotions such as displeasure, sadness, worry, or concentration, but it can also occur as a spontaneous reflex or due to fatigue. The intensity ranges from a slight downturn to a pronounced scowl.

Anatomy and mechanics: The primary lip movement is produced by the depressor anguli oris, which pulls the mouth corners downward. The brow may be knitted by the corrugator supercilii, creating vertical lines above the nose. Other muscles, such as the procerus or orbicularis oculi, can contribute in some expressions. Frowning can be voluntary or involuntary and often accompanies other cues like a tense posture or lowered gaze.

Purpose and interpretation: In social communication, a frown signals disapproval or concern and can influence how a message is received. It is one of several negative nonverbal cues and is influenced by culture and context; some cultures may show frowning more openly in certain situations, while others may mask it in social settings. A frown can also appear in infants as part of early emotional signaling.

Related terms: A frown is distinct from a scowl, which conveys anger or defiance, and from a grimace, which may reflect pain or physical discomfort. In medical or clinical contexts, persistent facial expressions can be evaluated as part of neurological or psychological assessments.