formable

Formable is an adjective used to describe materials, substances, or objects that can be shaped or formed under applied forces. In a materials science context, formability refers to the ability of a material to undergo plastic deformation without fracturing, allowing it to be shaped into desired geometries. Formability is influenced by factors such as composition, microstructure, temperature, strain rate, lubrication, and anisotropy.

In metals and sheet forming, formability is a central characteristic. Processes such as stamping, deep drawing, and bending rely on adequate formability to avoid cracking, tearing, or excessive thinning. The formability of sheet metal is commonly assessed with tests and models such as the Erichsen cupping test and forming limit diagrams, which help specify safe process windows and material grades. Higher ductility and workability generally improve formability, but trade-offs with strength and corrosion resistance may occur.

In polymers and composites, formability relates to thermoforming, extrusion, and blow molding; melt properties like viscosity and the glass transition temperature set process limits. For polymers, formability improves with process temperature and sometimes orientation.

In ceramics and glasses, formability at room temperature is typically low; shaping often requires forming in green state or at elevated temperatures, such as hot pressing, sintering, or glass forming.

Formability is related but not identical to malleability, ductility, and workability. In some contexts, these terms are used interchangeably, but formability emphasizes practical deformability in a given process and the ability to attain final geometry without defects.