fiddle

The fiddle is a bowed string instrument that is functionally identical to the violin. The term fiddle is commonly used for the instrument in folk, traditional, and regional music contexts. A fiddle typically has four strings and is played with a bow, though players may also pluck the strings (pizzicato) for effect. In standard classical tuning, the strings are tuned in fifths (G-D-A-E), but many folk styles employ alternate tunings that change intervals and drone notes.

Construction: The body is usually carved from spruce for the top and maple for the back and ribs, with an arched shape and f-shaped sound holes. The neck supports a fingerboard and a pegbox, and a tailpiece anchors the strings. A chin rest is common on modern instruments. The bridge transmits string vibrations to the soundboard. The bow is typically a wooden stick with horsehair stretched across; modern bows may use different materials. Strings may be steel-core, synthetic-core, or gut in period instruments, producing different timbres.

Playing and repertoire: In fiddling traditions, rhythm, drive, and ornamentation are central. Techniques include varied bowing patterns, double stops, slides, ornamented flourishes, and vibrato. Fiddle music spans many genres, including Irish and Scottish traditional music, American old-time and bluegrass, Cajun, Balkan, and Klezmer, among others. Dancers often influence the tempo and phrasing, and improvisation is common in many styles.

History and context: The instrument shares the same basic design with the violin, but the name fiddle reflects its cultural use in folk and regional music rather than classical performance. Throughout the world, fiddlers adapt tuning, repertoire, and performance practices to local traditions.