fibroadenom

Fibroadenom, or fibroadenoma, is a benign breast tumor composed of fibrous and glandular tissue. It is the most common benign breast lesion, particularly in adolescents and women under 30. It typically presents as a single, well-defined, mobile, painless lump in the breast, though multiple lesions can occur.

Most fibroadenomas are hormone-responsive and may enlarge during puberty, pregnancy, or with estrogen therapy. Juvenile fibroadenoma can be larger and grow more rapidly. The lesion itself is usually noncancerous and does not invade surrounding tissue.

Diagnosis relies on clinical examination and imaging. In younger patients, ultrasound is the primary modality and typically shows a smooth, well-circumscribed, solid mass. Mammography may be used in older patients. If imaging suggests a benign lesion and there is no diagnostic uncertainty, observation is an option. Core needle biopsy is performed when there is any doubt about the diagnosis or to distinguish fibroadenoma from phyllodes tumor or malignancy.

Management depends on symptoms and findings. Small, stable, asymptomatic fibroadenomas may be monitored with periodic imaging. Excision or biopsy is recommended for enlarging, painful, or bothersome lumps, or when cancer cannot be excluded. Recurrence after complete excision is uncommon.

Prognosis is excellent. Fibroadenoma itself does not significantly increase breast cancer risk, but any breast lump requires evaluation to rule out other conditions. Less commonly, fibroadenomas can enlarge during pregnancy or regress after menopause. Distinguishing fibroadenoma from phyllodes tumor is important, as phyllodes may require wider surgical treatment.

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