excitationsprocesser

Exciationsprocesser is a term used in physics to denote the processes by which a system transitions from a lower to a higher energy state. The plural form signals a broad class of mechanisms across disciplines, including electronic, vibrational, rotational, and nuclear excitations in atoms, molecules, solids, plasmas, and nuclei. These processes can be driven by electromagnetic radiation, particle collisions, or time-varying fields, and may be radiative, where energy is carried by quanta, or non-radiative, where energy is redistributed within the system or transferred to another entity.

Excitation processes are commonly distinguished by their primary interaction and by where the energy ends up. Electronic excitation involves promotion of electrons to higher quantum states, while vibrational or rotational excitations occur in molecules as internal motions absorb energy. In condensed matter and plasmas, collective or plasmonic excitations may arise. Nuclear excitation involves transitions between nuclear energy levels. The probability and rate of an excitation are described by quantum mechanical formalisms such as time-dependent perturbation theory and Fermi’s golden rule, with cross-sections and rate coefficients used to quantify transitions in scattering and reaction contexts.

Experimentally, excitation processes are studied through spectroscopy, including absorption and emission spectra, as well as inelastic scattering techniques (electrons, neutrons, X-rays) and pump-probe methods that resolve dynamics over time. Understanding excitationsprocesser is essential for fields ranging from lighting and lasers to plasma processing, astrophysical spectroscopy, atmospheric chemistry, and semiconductor physics, where excitation-induced populations govern energy transfer, reaction pathways, and material response.

Note: excitationsprocesser is a form used in some languages; in English the standard term is excitation processes or excitation mechanisms.