exchangeenergi
Exchange energy is a component of the electronic energy that arises from the quantum mechanical exchange interaction between electrons, a consequence of the antisymmetry of the many‑electron wavefunction under particle exchange. It is not a classical force, but a consequence of fermionic statistics and the Pauli exclusion principle. The exchange effect lowers the energy of certain electron configurations, particularly when electrons with the same spin are spatially arranged to reduce repulsion.
In quantum chemistry, exchange energy is treated explicitly in methods that approximate the many-electron wavefunction, such
In solid-state physics, exchange interactions between localized or itinerant electrons give rise to magnetic ordering. The
In density functional theory, exchange energy is part of the exchange–correlation functional. Practical approximations (local density
The exchange energy is not directly observable as a standalone quantity; its effects are inferred from total