euonymus

Euonymus is a genus of about 180 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs and small trees in the family Celastraceae. Native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, members are widely grown as decorative plants and some species have naturalized in temperate regions.

Most Euonymus species have opposite leaves and small inconspicuous flowers that yield conspicuously colored fruit capsules. The outer wall of the capsule splits to reveal arils around the seeds, often in pink, orange, or red, making ornamental fruit in autumn.

Notable species include Euonymus europaeus (common spindle), Euonymus alatus (winged spindle), Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper), and Euonymus japonicus (Japanese spindle). Uses include hedges, screens, and groundcover in landscapes; several cultivars display variegated or bronze foliage.

Cultivation: They prefer well-drained soil and can tolerate a range of light conditions from sun to shade, depending on species. Many are hardy in temperate climates; evergreen species are often used as year-round structure in gardens. Propagation is by softwood or semi-hardwood cuttings, layering, or seeds (often requiring stratification).

Pests and diseases: Euonymus can be affected by scale insects, aphids, and powdery mildew; root rot from Phytophthora when soils are poorly drained. Some cultivars are susceptible to leaf scorch in hot, dry sites.

Toxicity: All parts contain compounds that can be toxic if ingested by humans or animals; symptoms include nausea and abdominal pain. Handling may cause skin irritation in some individuals.