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Ethylene glycol poisoning is a serious medical condition that occurs when a person ingests ethylene glycol, commonly found in antifreeze, de-icing fluids, and some solvents. The initial symptoms can be deceptive, often mimicking alcohol intoxication, leading to delayed recognition and treatment. These early signs may include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and a general feeling of disorientation.

As the body metabolizes ethylene glycol, toxic byproducts are formed, primarily in the liver. These metabolites, particularly glycolic acid and oxalic acid, are responsible for the severe and progressive damage that follows. The glycolic acid leads to a severe metabolic acidosis, disrupting the body's chemical balance. The oxalic acid then crystallizes, forming calcium oxalate crystals that deposit in the kidneys, causing acute kidney injury and potentially irreversible damage.

The progression of ethylene glycol poisoning typically involves three stages. The first stage, occurring within hours of ingestion, presents with neurological symptoms. The second stage, occurring 12 to 24 hours later, is characterized by cardiopulmonary effects, such as rapid breathing, elevated heart rate, and heart failure. The third stage, typically 24 to 72 hours after ingestion, is dominated by renal failure due to the formation of kidney stones. Prompt medical attention is crucial. Treatment often involves administering an antidote, such as fomepizole or ethanol, to inhibit the metabolism of ethylene glycol, and supportive care, which may include dialysis to remove the toxin and its byproducts from the blood.