escudos

Escudos are the Spanish term for shields. The word can refer to two related concepts: physical shields used for protection in combat and the shield-shaped surface in heraldry that forms the central element of a coat of arms. The term derives from the Latin scutum, meaning shield.

Physical shields vary widely by culture and period. They are typically made from wood, sometimes faced with metal or leather, and reinforced at the rim. Common shapes include round, oval, targe, heater (kite) and large oblong shields. Shields may be carried at arm's length, hung from a strap, or gripped by a central handle or boss. They served both defensive protection and tactical purposes, such as blocking blows or forming shield walls.

Historically, the use of shields spans ancient, medieval, and modern periods. The Roman scutum is a famous example of a large curved shield used to form testudo formations; in medieval Europe the heater shield developed into a staple for knights. Shields were gradually supplemented by armor and later by firearms, while still remaining in use by soldiers, police, and sport.

In heraldry, escudo de armas denotes the shield that bears the coat of arms. The escudo is divided into fields and charged with emblems; colors (tinctures) and metal are governed by heraldic rules to maintain contrast. The design of an escudo follows conventions set in heraldic blazon and may reflect lineage, achievements, or territories.

Modern usage: The term also applies to protective equipment in law enforcement and sports; riot shields and ballistic shields are modern forms designed for impact resistance and protection. The concept of the escudo thus encompasses both material and symbolic objects centered on the shield as a protective and identifying device.