epigraphs

An epigraph is a short quotation or excerpt placed at the beginning of a book, chapter, or other section to suggest its theme, mood, or intended direction. Unlike a dedication or foreword, an epigraph is a borrowed line that comes from another source. The term derives from the Greek epigraphē, meaning inscription. Epigraphs are commonly drawn from poetry, philosophy, or speeches, and may be attributed to a writer, a historical figure, or a fictional source.

Placement and format: Epigraphs appear before the main text, on a separate page or at the start of a chapter. They are typically set off by quotation marks and the source is cited, though publishers vary in whether the attribution is included. Some works use multiple epigraphs per chapter or a single epigraph placed at the very start of the volume.

Functions: Epigraphs frame a work's themes, invite intertextual dialogue with other works, foreshadow events, or create a tonal contrast. They can provide a moral or philosophical refrain, reflect the author’s stance, or guide readers toward a particular interpretive lens. Because epigraphs are external to the main text, readers may read them critically and consider how the chosen line relates to the narrative.

Copyright and usage: Using epigraphs that are still under copyright may require permission from the rights holder. Classical quotations in the public domain generally pose no issue, but even brief quotes can raise concerns if reproduced without authorization. Some authors write original epigraphs instead, or select lines from public-domain sources.

See also: epigram, quotation, dedication, motto, intertextuality.