epicureanism

Epicureanism is a philosophical system founded by the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus (341–270 BCE). Originating in Athens, it presents a comprehensive program for achieving happiness through the prudent cultivation of pleasure and the avoidance of pain, with pleasure understood as freedom from disturbance rather than mere sensual gratification. Its aims center on attaining a tranquil mind (ataraxia) and the absence of physical pain (aponia).

Metaphysics and epistemology underpin the ethics. Epicurus adopted atomism and the theory of the void, arguing that all things consist of atoms in the void moving through space. The soul is mortal and material, and there is no need to fear the afterlife. Gods, if they exist, are non-interfering and distant, so belief in punitive divine control is to be overcome as a source of anxiety. Knowledge arises from sensory experience and careful reasoning; reason helps distinguish advantageous from harmful desires.

Ethically, pleasure is the highest good, but not all pleasures are worth pursuing. Desires are categorized as natural and necessary (food, shelter), natural but not necessary (luxuries), and vain (fame, power). The aim is long-term pleasure through moderation and prudence: satisfying natural and necessary desires while avoiding excess and false beliefs. A well-lived life emphasizes simple pleasures, friendship, and intellectual contemplation, rather than political ambition or public life, which Epicureans saw as potential sources of disturbance.

Historically, Epicureanism influenced Roman thinkers such as Lucretius and later secular and scientific traditions, while remaining a relatively small but enduring school. It is commonly misinterpreted as mere hedonism; in its own account, true happiness rests on freedom from fear and pain achieved through measured living.