endogamy

Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific social, ethnic, kin, or religious group, rather than outside it. It is common in many societies and is often reinforced by customs, laws, or religious rules. Endogamy is contrasted with exogamy, which tends toward marriage outside one’s group.

Endogamy can be practiced at different levels: within a caste or class, within a kin group or clan, within a religious community, or within a geographical or linguistic group. In some historical and contemporary settings, endogamy has been used to preserve social status, wealth, property, or cultural identity. Royal and noble families historically employed endogamy to keep dynastic ties and property within a lineage. In others, caste or religious norms prescribe marriage within the group and prohibit unions outside it.

Genetic and social implications: Close endogamy tends to increase genetic relatedness within a population, raising the risk of autosomal recessive disorders and reducing genetic diversity. It can also strengthen group cohesion and identity, support social networks, and facilitate the transfer of resources. Conversely, it can contribute to social exclusion or discrimination against outsiders and limit opportunities to form partnerships outside the group.

In modern, pluralistic societies, endogamy persists in some communities but is increasingly challenged by social change, migration, and anti-discrimination norms. Researchers study endogamy to understand cultural continuity, population genetics, and the social dynamics of marriage practices.